The overexpression of estrogen receptor and resistance to progesterone have also been shown in PCOS patients which may contribute to the impaired decidualization ( 14, 15). It was reported that downregulation of some endometrial molecules is involved in the adverse reproductive outcomes in PCOS patients such as avb3 integrin, HOXA-10, HOXA-11, and IGF binding protein 1 ( IGFBP-1) ( 12, 13). The underlying mechanisms of implantation failure in PCOS patients are still unclear ( 10).įew studies have previously compared endometrium from PCOS patients to healthy fertile women in order to find potential markers for implantation failure in these patients ( 11). Changes in these networks is responsible for the implantation failure and infertility ( 9). Previous investigations have suggested some protein networks regulate endometrial receptivity and coordinate interaction between endometrium and an embryo. Several studies have indicated that decrease in uterine receptivity may be implicated in the infertility and implantation failure of the PCOS women ( 7, 8).

Although anovulation can be treated by assisted reproductive techniques, pregnancy rates still remain low and high abortion rates can be observed in these patients ( 5, 6). PCOS patients are usually infertile, mainly due to the ovulation failure ( 4).

PCOS is commonly characterized by oligo-ovulation or anovulation, menstrual cycle abnormalities, ovarian polycystic morphology and endocrine problems, such as hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance (IR), resulting in female infertility ( 2, 3). PCOS approximately affects 4%-21% of women worldwide which varies depending on the criteria used for diagnosis ( 1). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in women of reproductive age.

Free graphpad prism for mac